Tsvagiridzo yekune dzimwe nyika mundima yezvakasanganiswa zvekufambisa njanji yave ichienderera kweinoda kusvika hafu yezana ramakore.Kunyangwe kukurumidza kusimudzira kwenjanji uye njanji inomhanya-mhanya muChina uye kushandiswa kwemidziyo yemumba mundima iyi kuri kutekeshera, iyo yakasimbiswa fiber yezvinhu zvinoumbwa zvakashandiswa zvakanyanya mukufambisa njanji yekune dzimwe nyika yakawanda girazi fiber, iyo yakasiyana ne. iyo yekabhoni fiber composites muChina.Sezvakataurwa muchinyorwa chino, kabhoni faibha iri pasi pegumi muzana yezvinhu zvinoumbwa zvemuviri zvakagadziridzwa neTPI Composites Company, uye imwe yasara igirazi fiber, saka inogona kudzikamisa mutengo uchichengetedza huremu.Iko kushandiswa kukuru kwekabhoni fiber kunotungamira kumatambudziko emitengo, saka inogona kushandiswa mune zvimwe zvakakosha zvimiro zvakaita semabhogi.
Kweanopfuura makore makumi mashanu, Norplex-Micarta, mugadziri wezvigadziriso zvinoumba thermosetting, ave aine bhizinesi rakatsiga rekugadzira zvinhu zvekufambisa njanji, zvinosanganisira zvitima, mabhureki enjanji, uye kuvharwa kwemagetsi enjanji dzemagetsi dzakakwirira.Asi nhasi, musika wekambani uri kuwedzera kupfuura niche yakamanikana kuita mamwe maapplication akadai semadziro, matenga uye pasi.
Dustin Davis, director weBusiness Development kuNorplex-Micarta, anotenda kuti njanji nemimwe misika yekufambisa yakawanda ichawedzera kupa mikana kukambani yake, pamwe chete nevamwe vagadziri vemubatanidzwa nevashambadziri, mumakore anotevera.Pane zvikonzero zvakati kuti zvekukura uku kunotarisirwa, chimwe chazvo kutorwa kweEurope kweMoto standard EN 45545-2, iyo inouyisa zvakanyanya kuomarara moto, utsi uye gasi kudzivirira (FST) zvinodiwa pakutakura vanhu vakawanda.Nekushandisa phenolic resin masisitimu, vanogadzira vanogadzira vanogona kubatanidza inodiwa moto uye utsi yekudzivirira zvivakwa muzvigadzirwa zvavo.
Pamusoro pezvo, mabhazi, metro uye vafambisi vezvitima vari kutanga kuona zvakanakira zvinhu zvakaumbwa mukuderedza kuzunguzika kweruzha uye cacophony."Kana wakambopinda munzira yepasi ukanzwa simbi ichirira," akadaro Davis.Kana pani ichigadzirwa nezvinhu zvakaumbwa, inonyararidza ruzha uye kuita kuti chitima chinyarare."
Huremu huremu hwemusanganiswa hunoitawo kuti inakidze kune vanofambisa mabhazi vanofarira kuderedza kushandiswa kwemafuta uye kuwedzera huwandu hwayo.Mumushumo waGunyana 2018, kambani yekutsvagisa misika yeLucintel yakafanotaura kuti musika wepasi rose wemakompositi anoshandiswa mukutakura vanhu vakawanda uye mota dzekunze-mumugwagwa waizokura nechiyero chegore che4.6 muzana pakati pa2018 na2023, paine kukosha kwemadhora bhiriyoni imwe panosvika 2023. Mikana ichauya kubva kwakasiyana-siyana yekushandisa, kusanganisira kunze, mukati, hood uye powertrain zvikamu, uye zvinhu zvemagetsi.
Norplex-Micarta ikozvino inogadzira zvikamu zvitsva zviri kuedzwa panzira dzenjanji muUnited States.Uye zvakare, kambani inoramba ichitarisa kune magetsi masisitimu ane inoenderera fiber zvinhu uye inosanganisa iwo nekukurumidza kurapa resin masisitimu."Unogona kuderedza mari, kuwedzera kugadzirwa, uye kuunza kushanda kwakazara kweFST phenolic kumusika," Davis akatsanangura.Nepo zvinhu zvakaumbwa zvichigona kudhura kupfuura zvikamu zvesimbi zvakafanana, Davis anoti mutengo hausi iwo mashandisiro ekuona chinhu chavari kudzidza.
Chiedza uye chinodzivirira moto
Kugadziridzwa kweEuropean rail opareta Duetsche Bahn's ngarava dze66 ICE-3 Express mota ndechimwe chekugona kwezvinhu zvakaumbwa kusangana nezvinodiwa nevatengi.Iyo air conditioning system, vafambisi varaidzo system uye zvigaro zvitsva zvakawedzera huremu husingakoshi kumotokari dzenjanji dzeICE-3.Mukuwedzera, iyo yepakutanga plywood pasi haina kusangana nemitsva yeEuropean fire standard.Kambani iyi yaida gadziriso yepasi kuti ibatsire kuderedza uremu uye kusangana nemitemo yekudzivirira moto.Lightweight composite flooring ndiyo mhinduro.
Saertex, inogadzira machira akaumbwa akavakirwa kuGermany, inopa LEO® zvinhu sisitimu yekuisa pasi.Daniel Stumpp, mukuru wepasi rose wezvekushambadzira kuSaertex Group, akati LEO jira rakaturikidzana, risiri crimped iro rinopa zvivakwa zvemuchina uye hukuru hwakareruka kupfuura machira akarukwa.Iwo mana-chikamu anoumbwa sisitimu anosanganisira akakosha asingadzivirire moto, fiberglass yakasimbiswa zvinhu, SAERfoam® (yakakosha zvinhu ine yakasanganiswa 3D-fiberglass Bridges), uye LEO vinyl ester resin.
SMT (zvakare yakavakirwa kuGermany), mugadziri wezvinhu zvakaumbwa, akagadzira pasi kuburikidza neavacuum yekuzadza maitiro achishandisa reusable silicon vacuum mabhegi akagadzirwa naAlan Harper, kambani yekuBritain."Takachengetedza zvikamu makumi mashanu kubva muzana zvehuremu kubva paplywood yapfuura," Stumpp akadaro."LeO system yakavakirwa pane inoenderera fiber laminates ine isina-yakazadzwa resin system ine yakanakisa mechanical properties ... . Uyezve, iyo composite haiori, iyo inobatsira zvikuru, kunyanya munzvimbo dzine chando munguva yechando uye pasi pakatota."Pasi, kapeti yepamusoro uye zvinhu zverabha zvese zvinosangana nemaitiro matsva ekudzoreredza moto.
SMT yakagadzira anopfuura 32,000 square feet of panels, ayo akaiswa muchikamu chimwe muzvitatu chezvitima zvisere zveICE-3 kusvika parizvino.Munguva yekugadziridza, saizi yepaneru yega yega iri kuvandudzwa kuti ikwane imwe mota.Iyo OEM yeICE-3 sedan yakafadzwa neiyo nyowani inoumbwa pasi zvekuti yakaraira denga remubatanidzwa kuti ritsive chikamu chekare denga resimbi mumotokari dzenjanji.
Enda kumberi
Proterra, California-based designer uye mugadziri wemabhasi emagetsi e zero-emission, ave achishandisa zvinhu zvakasanganiswa mumitumbi yayo yose kubva 2009. Muna 2017, kambani yakagadzirisa rekodhi nekutyaira 1,100 imwe nzira yemakiromita paCatalyst yayo yebheteri. ®E2 bhazi.Bhazi iro rinoratidza muviri wakareruka wakagadzirwa neanoumba mugadziri TPI Composite.
* Munguva pfupi yapfuura, TPI yakabatana neProterra kugadzira bhazi remagetsi rakasanganiswa-mune rimwe."Mubhazi kana rori, mune chassis, uye mutumbi unogara pamusoro peiyo chassis," anotsanangura kudaro Todd Altman, director weStrategic marketing kuTPI.Nekugadzirwa kwegoko rakaomarara rebhazi, takabatanidza chasi nemuviri pamwe chete, zvakafanana nekugadzirwa kwemotokari-mu-imwe." Chimiro chimwe chete chinoshanda kupfuura zvimiro zviviri zvakaparadzana mukuzadzisa zvinodiwa pakuita.
Iyo Proterra single-shell body ine chinangwa-yakavakwa, yakagadzirwa kubva mukutanga kuve mota yemagetsi.Ndiwo musiyano wakakosha, akadaro Altman, nekuti ruzivo rwevagadziri vemotokari nevagadziri vemabhazi emagetsi kwave kuedza kuyedza kuchinjisa magadzirirwo avo echinyakare einjini dzinopisa dzemukati kumotokari dzemagetsi."Vari kutora mapuratifomu aripo uye vachiedza kutakura mabhatiri akawanda sezvinobvira. Haisi kupa mhinduro yakanakisisa kubva kune chero maonero.""Altman akadaro.
Mabhazi akawanda emagetsi, semuenzaniso, ane mabhatiri kumashure kana pamusoro pemotokari.Asi kuProterra, TPI inokwanisa kukwidza bhatiri pasi pebhazi."Kana iwe uri kuwedzera huremu hwakawanda kune chimiro chemotokari, iwe unoda kuti huremu huve hwakareruka sezvinobvira, zvese kubva pakuona kwekuita uye kubva pakuchengetedza," akadaro Altman.Akataura kuti vazhinji vagadziri vemabhazi emagetsi nemotokari vave kudzokera kubhodhi rekudhirowa kuti vagadzirise madhizaini anoshanda uye anonangwa emotokari dzavo.
TPI yakapinda muchibvumirano chemakore mashanu neProterra kugadzira mabhazi anosvika zviuru zvitatu nemazana matatu nemakumi mashanu pazvivakwa zveTPI muIowa neRhode Island.
Kuda kugadzirisa
Kugadzira iyo Catalyst bus body inoda kuti TPI neProterra vagare vachienzanisa masimba uye kusasimba kwezvinhu zvese zvakasiyana kuitira kuti vagone kusangana nemitengo yezvinangwa vachiwana kuita kwakaringana.Altman akacherechedza kuti ruzivo rweTPI mukugadzira mashizha makuru emhepo akareba mamita 200 uye anorema 25,000 pounds anoita kuti zvive nyore kwavari kugadzira 40-foot mabhazi miviri inorema pakati pe6,000 ne10,000 mapaundi.
TPI inokwanisa kuwana inodiwa simba rekugadzirisa nekusarudza kushandisa kabhoni fiber uye kuichengeta kuti isimbise nzvimbo dzinotakura mutoro mukuru."Tinoshandisa kabhoni fiber kwaunogona kutenga mota," Altman akadaro.Pakazere, kabhoni fiber inoita isingasviki gumi muzana yemuviri inoumbwa inosimbisa zvinhu, neimwe yasara iri fiberglass.
TPI yakasarudza vinyl ester resin nekuda kwechikonzero chakafanana."Patinotarisa epoxies, iwo makuru, asi kana iwe uchiarapa, iwe unofanirwa kusimudza kutonhora, saka unofanirwa kupisa mold. Ndiyo imwe mari, "akaenderera mberi.
Iyo kambani inoshandisa vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) kugadzira inoumbwa masangweji zvimiro zvinopa kuomarara kunodiwa kune rimwe goko.Munguva yekugadzira, mamwe masimbi ekuisa (senge akaiswa threaded fittings uye tapping plate) anosanganisirwa mumuviri.Bhazi rakakamurwa kuita mativi ekumusoro neepasi, ayo anozobatanidzwa pamwe chete.Vashandi vanofanira kuzowedzera zvishongedzo zvidiki zvakasanganiswa senge fairings, asi nhamba yezvikamu chikamu chidiki chebhazi resimbi.
Mushure mekutumira mutumbi wapedzwa kuProterra bus production plant, mutsara wekugadzira unoyerera nekukurumidza nokuti kune basa shoma rinofanira kuitwa."Ivo havafanirwe kuita zvese zvekunama, kukuya nekugadzira, uye vane chimiro chakareruka chekubatanidza muviri kune drivetrain," Altman akawedzera.Proterra inochengetedza nguva uye inoderedza kumusoro nekuti nzvimbo shoma yekugadzira inodiwa kune monocotic shell.
Altman anotenda kuti kudiwa kwemitumbi yemabhazi anosanganiswa kucharamba kuchikura sezvo maguta achitendeukira kumabhazi emagetsi kuderedza kusvibiswa uye kuderedza mitengo.Sekureva kwaProterra, mota dzemagetsi ebhatiri dzine mutengo wakaderera wehupenyu hwekushanda (makore gumi nemaviri) zvichienzaniswa nedhiziri, gasi rakatsikirirwa kana mabhazi edhiziri.Ichi chinogona kunge chiri chimwe chikonzero nei Proterra ichiti kutengeswa kwemabhazi emagetsi anofambiswa nebhatiri ave kuita gumi muzana yemusika wekutakura.
Pachine zvimwe zvipingamupinyi pakushandiswa kwakafara kwezvinhu zvinosanganiswa mumutumbi webhazi remagetsi.Imwe inyanzvi yezvinodiwa nevatengi vemabhazi akasiyana."Chiremera chega chega chekufambisa chinoda kuwana mabhazi neimwe nzira -- kugadzirwa kwezvigaro, kuvhurwa kwehatch. Idambudziko guru kune vanogadzira mabhazi, uye zvizhinji zvezvigadziriso izvi zvinogona kuenda kwatiri.""Altman akati. "Vagadziri vemuviri vakabatanidzwa vanoda kuve nekuvaka kwakajairwa, asi kana mutengi wese achida dhigirii repamusoro rekugadzirisa, zvichanetsa kuita izvozvo." TPI inoenderera mberi ichishanda neProterra kusimudzira dhizaini yebhazi kuti ifambise zvirinani. kuchinjika kunodiwa nevatengi vekupedzisira.
Ongorora zvingangoitika
MaComposites ari kuenderera mberi nekuyedza kana zvinhu zvawo zvakakodzera kutsva kwekufambisa kwemisa.MuUK, ELG Carbon Fibre, iyo inonyanya hunyanzvi muhunyanzvi hwekudzokorodza uye kushandisazve kabhoni fibre, inotungamira mubatanidzwa wemakambani ari kugadzira zvinhu zvisingaremi zvinoumba mabhogi mumotokari dzinotakura vanhu.Iyo bogie inotsigira muviri wemotokari, inotungamirira vhiriset uye inochengetedza kugadzikana kwayo.Vanobatsira kunatsiridza kugadzikana kwechitima nekukweva kuzunguzika kwenjanji uye kuderedza simba repakati apo chitima chinotenderera.
Chimwe chinangwa chepurojekiti ndechekugadzira mabhogi akareruka ne50 muzana pane anofananidzwa nesimbi."Kana bogie iri yakareruka, inokonzeresa kukuvadzwa kudiki panjanji, uye nekuti mutoro uri panjanji uchange wakadzikira, nguva yekuchengetedza uye mari yekugadzirisa inogona kuderedzwa," anodaro Camille Seurat, ELG chigadzirwa chekuvandudza mainjiniya.Zvimwe zvinangwa ndezvokudzikisa mauto epadivi-kune-njanji nezvikamu makumi mana kubva muzana uye kupa kutariswa kwehupenyu hwese.Kambani yeUK isingaite purofiti Rail Safety and Standards Board (RSSB) iri kupa chirongwa ichi nemari nedonzvo rekugadzira chigadzirwa chinotengeswa.
Miedzo yakakura yekugadzira yakaitwa uye akati wandei ebvunzo mapaneru akaitwa pachishandiswa prepregs kubva kufa kudzvanya, kwakajairika wet layup, perfusion uye autoclave.Nekuti kugadzirwa kwemabhogi kwaizove kushoma, kambani yakasarudza epoxy prepreg yakarapwa mu autoclaves senzira inodhura zvakanyanya yekuvaka.
Iyo yakazara-saizi bogie prototype ndeye 8.8 tsoka kureba, 6.7 tsoka paupamhi uye 2.8 tsoka kumusoro.Iyo inogadzirwa kubva musanganiswa weiyo yakadzokororwa kabhoni fiber (nonwoven pads inopihwa neELG) uye mbishi kabhoni fiber jira.Iyo imwe-nzira fibers ichashandiswa kune iyo huru simba chinhu uye ichaiswa mu mold uchishandisa robotic tekinoroji.Iyo epoxy ine yakanaka mechanical properties ichasarudzwa, inova ichangobva kugadzirwa murazvo unodzoreredza epoxy iyo yakasimbiswa EN45545-2 kuti ishandiswe panjanji.
Kusiyana nemabhogi esimbi, ayo anonamatwa kubva pamatanda ekutungamirira kusvika pamatanda maviri epamativi, mabhogi anoumbwa achavakwa ane misoro yakasiyana-siyana uye pasi anozobatanidzwa pamwe chete.Kuti utsive mabhogi esimbi aripo, iyo composite vhezheni ichafanirwa kusanganisa kumiswa uye mabhureki ekubatanidza mabhureki uye zvimwe zvishongedzo munzvimbo imwechete."Parizvino, takasarudza kuchengetedza zvigadziriso zvesimbi, asi kune mamwe mapurojekiti, zvingava zvinonakidza kutsiva zvigadziriso zvesimbi nemhando yemhando dzakabatanidzwa kuitira kuti tiwedzere kuderedza uremu hwekupedzisira," akadaro Seurat.
Imwe nhengo yeConsortium yeSensors uye Composites Group paYunivhesiti yeBirmingham iri kutarisira kukurudzirwa kwe sensor, iyo ichabatanidzwa muboka reboka padanho rekugadzira."Mazhinji ma sensors anozotarisa pakutarisa kunetsa pane discrete point pane bogie, nepo mamwe ari ekuona tembiricha," Seurat akadaro.Iwo ma sensors anobvumira chaiyo-nguva yekutarisa kweiyo composite chimiro, ichibvumira hupenyu hwese kuremerwa data kuunganidzwa.Izvi zvichapa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pepamusoro mutoro uye kuneta kwenguva refu.
Zvidzidzo zvekutanga zvinoratidza kuti mabhogi anoumbwa anofanirwa kukwanisa kudzikisa uremu hunodiwa hwe50%.Chikwata cheprojekiti chinotarisira kuve nebhogi hombe yakagadzirira kuongororwa pakati pe2019.Kana iyo prototype ikaita sezvaitarisirwa, vanogadzira mamwe mabhogi kuti aedze matramu akagadzirwa neAlstom, iyo kambani inotakura njanji.
Maererano neSeurat, kunyange zvazvo kuchine basa rakawanda rinofanira kuitwa, zviratidzo zvepakutanga zvinoratidza kuti zvinokwanisika kuvaka bhogi rinotengeswa rinokwanisa kukwikwidzana nesimbi mumutengo uye simba."Ipapo ndinofunga kuti pane zvakawanda zvingasarudzwa uye zvingangove zvikumbiro zvemakompositi muindasitiri yechitima," akawedzera.(Chinyorwa chakadhindwazve kubva kuCarbon Fiber uye Yayo Yakaumbwa Tekinoroji naDr. Qian Xin).
Nguva yekutumira: Mar-07-2023